The history of glass making before the Industrial revolution can be separated in two stages: in the first, which began in the 3rd millennium BCE and ended in the period from 100 to 50 BC, craftsmen discovered how to transform raw materials into glass and how to make vessels and other objects either with moulds or by forming a molten glass around a removable core. Both techniques were labour-intensive and were seldom made in big quantities. In the second stage, beginning in the 1st century CE in the Syro-Palestinian region, glass workers found that molten glass could be formed by inflation and manipulation with tools. Glass blowing enabled them to make quickly a wide range of shapes, thus widening its market.However, after the 2nd century CE, glass is generally found in a more confined area. The change appears to have taken place under the Flavian Emperors (69-96 CE), an era that in many ways represents a watershed in the history of glass making. It is from this time onwards that glassblowing in the East and the West developed along independent lines, the only exception being fine tableware decorated with special techniques, which was probably due to the still unifying factor of the Roman Imperial administration.Yet, the most prolific period in the history of glass in the Eastern Mediterranean was during the late Roman Empire, when Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Cyprus, Asia Minor and the north Pontic region all had flourishing glass industries. With the increased demand for glass, regionalism became the dominant factor in the production of glass vessels. Marked regional differences existed not only between the glass made in Syria, Jordan and Palestine, but even between different parts of Palestine (inland vs coast; Galilee and Phoenicia vs Judea). The glass industries of these regions experienced a prolonged period of growth, and the late Roman and early Byzantine period were by far the most important not only in terms of absolute output but also in terms of typologies used. Only during this period, glass was finally used by different strata of societies, sometimes even replacing pottery for certain functions.The rise of the Syro-African emperors in Rome, the dynasty of the Severi (193-212 CE) brought a higher level of prosperity to Syria. The Severi hailed from Emesa (modern Hom) and the close connection with Rome benefited the glass industries and its workers, who seemed to have moved freely between East and West, some of them even settling as far as the Rhyneland.The small jar is made of a transparent pale olive glass with similarly coloured handles, the rim rounded in flame with narrow cut-out collar, funnel mouth, gently sloping shoulder, squat bulbous body, slightly kicked base. Three quite studry coil handles, each applied to the shoulder, attached to the edge of the rim and pressed down against edge of collar. On the exterior, remians of buff layers of weathering, iridescence and surface pitting.The small jar is made of a transparent pale olive glass with similarly coloured handles, the rim rounded in flame with narrow cut-out collar, funnel mouth, gently sloping shoulder, squat bulbous body, slightly kicked base. Three quite studry coil handles, each applied to the shoulder, attached to the edge of the rim and pressed down against edge of collar. On the exterior, remians of buff layers of weathering, iridescence and surface pitting.In terms of forms, both Syria and Palestine between the 3rd and 5th century developed an unrivalled diversity of individual shapes, including characteristic jars such as the one here illustrated, whose shape remained largely unknown in the West. In the Syro-Palestine area this type of glass jars was widely used in the late Roman and Byzantine periods. The body was usually bulbous and flat-bottomed or with a slightly concave base. Many jars also featured a relatively tall funnel mouth with just below the edge of the rim a decorative rim coil or cut-out fold, also known as projecting roll or cut-out collar rim.The presence of the projecting roll in our jar is an indication that the vessel was not used for drinking or pouring liquids, because the open fold would have trapped the liquid. Its use is still debatable but a plain, two-handled jar with a projecting roll below the rim, discovered in a burial a Giv'at Sharet, Israel, indeed contained traces of cannabis, used in antiquity for medicinal purposes. On the other hand, evidence from an Egyptian excavation, would purport the idea of a more mundane usage as tableware.

Antiquities
Ancient Roman