The overextension of the labor force during the Qin Dynasty would result in a popular uprising against the empire. In 206 B.C., Liu Bang, a Qin official, led an army composed of peasants and some lower nobility to victory and established his own Dynasty in place, the Han. However, unlike the Qin, the Han would unify China and rule virtually uncontested for over four hundred years. It is during this time that much of what is now considered to be Chinese culture was first actualized. The bureaucracy started under the Qin was now firmly established. The vast lands of China were now under the firm grip of a central authority. Confucianism became the state ideology although the worship of Taoist deity remained widespread, both among the peasants and the aristocracy. Ancient histories and texts were analyzed and rewritten to be more objective while new legendary myths and cultural epics were transcribed.

The Han era can also be characterized as one of the greatest artistic outpourings in Chinese history, easily on par with the glories of their Western contemporaries, Greece and Rome. Wealth pouring into China from trade along the Silk Road initiated a period of unprecedented luxury. Stunning bronze vessels were created, decorated with elegant inlaid gold and silver motifs. Jade carvings reached a new level of technical brilliance. But perhaps the artistic revival of the Han Dynasty is nowhere better represented than in their sculptures and vessels that were interred with deceased nobles. Called mingqi, literally meaning “spirit articles,” these works depicted a vast array of subject, from warriors and horses to ovens and livestock, which were buried alongside the dead for use in the next world, reflecting the Chinese belief that the afterlife was an extension of our earthy existence. Thus, quite logically, the things we require to sustain and nurture our bodies in this life would be just as necessary in our next life.

The Han Dynasty, like the Zhou before it, is divided into two distinct periods, the Western Han (206 B.C.-9 A.D.) and the Eastern Han (23-220 A.D.) with a brief interlude. Towards the end of the Western period, a series of weak emperors ruled the throne, controlled from behind the scenes by Wang Mang and Huo Guang, both relatives of empresses. They both exerted enormous influence over the government and when the last emperor suddenly passed away, Mang became ruling advisor, seizing this opportunity to declare his own Dynasty, the Xin, or “New.” However, another popular uprising began joined by the members of the Liu clan, the family that ruled the Han Dynasty, the Xin came to a quick end and the Eastern Han was established in its place with its capital at Loyang (Chang’an, the capital of the Western Han, was completely destroyed).

However, even as Chinese influence spread across Southeastern Asia into new lands, the Eastern Han Dynasty was unable to recreate the glories of the Western Period. In fact, this period can be characterized by a bitter power struggle amongst a group of five consortial clans. These families sought to control the young, weak emperors with their court influence. Yet, as the emperors became distrustful of the rising power of the clans, they relied upon their eunuchs to defend them, often eliminating entire families at a time. During the Western Han, the Emperor was viewed as the center of the universe. However, this philosophy slowly disintegrated under the weak, vulnerable rulers of the Eastern Han, leading many scholars and officials to abandon the court. Eventually, the power of the Han would completely erode, ending with its dissolution and the beginning of the period known as the “Three Kingdoms.”

This terracotta dog is stylistically portrayed with ornate body trappings and distinctive features. Positioned in an attentive stance with straddled legs, the dog is equipped in a strap body harness that moves in several directions from the tail across the back to the head, around the girth of the chest and shoulders, and under the muzzle. The body is thick and long, the legs short, and the head, crest, and fore chest area massive. The dog's head and face are modeled to a feline semblance--wide, indistinctive ears, high bridge, and short muzzle with small exposed nostrils. Stylistic folds above the eye and brow line indicate that the breed could be Shar Pei.During the Han Dynasty, clay models of dogs were often placed in the burial site of the deceased. They were arranged inside the doorway or courtyard of large houses and were placed singly, often harnessed, clearly intended to serve as watchdogs. The dog was admired for its fidelity, and the coming of the dog to one's house was considered a good omen ensuring future prosperity. Court breeders vied against each other to woo members of the imperial court, and later associations of palace dogs with the Buddhist Lion were often made by ruling families to enhance legitimacy. Elaborate burials with hundreds of interred figurines, ceramic vessels, and bronzes was a custom practiced by high status groups, based on the need to propitiate the spirit of the deceased and the belief that part of the soul continued its existence in a world similar to the mortal world. The ancients’ desire to recreate a life-like dwelling provides invaluable insight into contemporary Han life. - (PF.5122)

Antiquities
Ancient Asian